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º©½Í¦Ù¦×¬ã¨s Myology (1)
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                                         º©½Í¦Ù¦×¬ã¨s Myology (1)

                                                       §@ªÌ: ½²Âצ{Âå®v (ª©Åv©Ò¦³, ½¦L¥²¨s)


<«e¨¥>: ·Q´£µ§¼g§Ú¬ã¨s³Ì·Rªº¦Ù¦×, ¤@ª½§äÂǤf¨S®É¶¡, ¨S¯à¤O, ²¦³º¦¬¶°©M¦Ò¾Ú¸ê®Æ¯uªºÆZªá®É¶¡»Pºë¤Oªº. ªñ¨Ó²×©ó"®É¶¡ºÞ²z"»P¨M¤ß§ó¨Î¤F, ¦]¦¹, ¤£Åo­ö, §Ú´N¶}©l"³°Äò"ºCºC¼g³o­Óªø½g, Â_Äò»P­×§ï¤§³B·Ð½Ð¨£½Ì!

Ãö©ó¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY¦Û¥j¦³«Ü¦h»¡ªk. §Æªi§J©Ô©³(Hippocrates)¥Ñ©ó§âªø¬Û¦P¼Ë³£¬O¥Õ¦âªº²Õ´: ¦ÙÁä(tendon)»P¯«¸g(nerve)§Ë²V¤F, ©Ò¥H»{¬°¬O¦ÙÁä¬O¨­Åé²¾°ÊªºÃöÁä. «á¨Ó, ¨È¨½´µ¦h¼w(Aristotle)¤ñ¸û¤Fª±°¸³ÈÀwªº¬¡°Ê¤è¦¡, ¥DÆ[±À²z»{¬°°Êª«À³¸Ó¤]®t¤£¦h, ¦]¦¹¤]ÃÙ¦P¦ÙÁä´N¹³Ã·¯Á¤@¯ë, ¥i¥H²o°Ê¤HÅ骺¬¡°Ê.

³o¨â¦ì­õ¾Ç®a³£Â_©w¦ÙÁä¬O¥D¨¤, ¨ä¹ê¦X¥GÀ³¥Î¬ì¾Çªº±À²z²ßºD, Æ[¹îªº¤Á¤JÂI¤£¦P½}¤F. ¥u¤£¹L¦ÙÁä¨ä¹ê¬O³sµ²ºc³y, ¨Ã«D¨Ï¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYªº¥D°Êºc³y. ³o¬O«Ü©_©Çªº¾ú¥v²{¶H, ¦]¬°¦Ù¦×©ú©ú¦b¤HÅé²Õ´¸Ì, ¦û±o¤ñ¨Ò³o»ò¦h, ÁÙ¬OÅã¦Ó©ö¨£ªººc³y, ¬ã¨s«o¤@ª½¹J¨ì²~ÀV©M»~¸Ñ.

¦è¤¸«e3¥@¬ö Erasistratus ´£¥X¤@ºØ»¡ªk: °Êª«ªºÆF»î(spirits)·|±qÀY³¡¸g¥Ñ¯«¸g³q¨ì¦Ù¦×, ¦Ó¯«¸g¬O¤¤ªÅªººÞ¤l, Âǥѹ³¥[ªo¤@¼Ë, ¥Ñ¯«¸g³o±øºÞ¤lÄé¶i¥h¦Ù¦×¥s°µpneumaªºª«½è, ©Ò¥H¦Ù¦×·|µÈ¤j, ÁYµu, µM«á©Ô°ÊÃö¸`. 
À³¥Î¬ì¾Ç±`±`¤Þ¥Î¤é±`¥Í¬¡ªº·Qªk, ¤@­ÓªF¦è·|Åܤj, "·Q¤]ª¾¹D"¤@©w¦³ªF¦èÄé¶i¥h, ¹³­·°Õ, ¤ô°Õµ¥µ¥.
¦è¤¸129¦~, §ÆÃ¾¾ÇªÌ Galen §â³o­Ó»¡ªk¤]¤Þ¥Î©ó¥Lªº¸Ñ­å»P¥Í²z²z½×ùØ, ¦Ó¥B¼vÅT¤F©¹«á¦Ü¤Ö1500¦~¤§¤[, ¥]¬A William Harvey (1578-1657)¤]¦b¥Lªº¬ã¨sùØ¥D±i¬Û¦üªºÆ[ÂI.

­õ¾Ç®a ²Ã¥dº¸ (Rene Descartes, 1596-1650) ¾¨ºÞ¤£¬O¨º»ò¦b¦æ¹êÅç»P¥Íª«, ¥Í²z¾Ç, ¥L¦º«áÁÙ¬O¥Xª©¤F¤@¥»Ãö©ó¤HÅé¥Í²zªº®Ñ De Homine (1662), ®Ñ¤¤ÁÙ§Q¥Î"ÆF»î"¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ·í¤H¥Î¤â¸I¨ì¤õ®É, ¤Ï®g°Ê§@¬°¤°»ò·|²£¥Í.

«Ü¤£¿ùªº°²»¡?! ¦ý¬O¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY, Åé¿n¯uªº·|Åܤj¶Ü? §Ú§Y¨Ï¬O­ÓÂå®v, ¨ì°µ°ò¦¬ã¨s¤§«á¤~ª¾¹D: ¨ä¹ê¨Ã¤£·|. ¦Ù¦×¤@¦¬ÁY, ¬Ý°_¨Ó¹ª¹ªªº, ¨Ã¤£¥NªíÅé¿n·|§ïÅÜ, ¨º³£¬O²´·ú»P¨èªO¦L¶HªºÅÞ¿èÄF¤F§Ú­Ì.

¥H²{¦bªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¤W­zªº¾ú¥v, ·|ı±o"¨£°­¤F". ¤£¹L¬ì¾Çªºµo®i¹Lµ{, Á`·|¥H·í®É¦X²zªº»¡ªk¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ, ´N¹³²{¦bªºª«²z¾Ç®a»{¬°¥ú³t¬O±`¼Æ, ¦ý¬O¯uªº¬O³o¼Ë¶Ü??

 ¦Ó¥B¦h¦­¤§«e¤HÃþ´Nª¾¹D¤F©O? ®Ú¾Ú¬ì¾Ç¦Ò¾Ú, ¦­¦b ¦è¤¸1660¦~¥ª¥k, Jan Jacob Swammerdam´N§Q¥Î§â«Cµìªº¦Ù¦×«Ê¦b±K³¬ªº¥R®ð²~¤¤, ¨âÀY³sµÛ²~¤l«e«á, «O¯dªº¯«¸gÅS¦b¥~­±, µM«á¨ë¿E¯«¸g. ¦pªG¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY®É, Åé¿n·|¼W¥[, ²~¤l¤WÀY³sµÛªº¤ô¬W´N·|¤W²¾. ¹êÅçµ²ªG¥XÄl: ¨Ã¨S¦³, ³o¥i¬O¾ú¥v¤W²Ä¤@­ÓÃÒ©ú¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYÅé¿n¨S¦³§ïÅܪº¤H.  «á¨Ó¦è¤¸1677¦~ Francis Glisson §@¤F¤HÃþ¦Ù¦×ªº¹êÅç, ±o¨ì¬Û¦Pªºµ²ªG (¥L§â¤âÁu«Ê¦bÄ麡¤ôªººÞ¤lùا@¹êÅç). ³o­Óµ²ªG, §Ú¥|¦~«e±q¤åÄm¤¤ª¾¹Dªº®É­Ô, »á¬°¾_Åå, ¦]¬°©M§Ú¬ã¨sªº¦Ù¦×¼Æ¾Ç¤½¦¡¦³·¥¤j¦õÃÒ¤§¥Î.

 ª¾¦W«×³Q§C¦ôªº17¥@¬ö¬ì¾Ç®a Jan Jacbz Swammerdam, ¤£¶È¬O³Ì¦­§Q¥ÎÅã·LÃèÆ[¹î¬ã¨s©øÂε¥¥Íª«, ¥X¹L¤@¥»·í®É¥i»¡¬O¬ì¾Ç"¸t¸g"ªº®Ñ<The Book of Nature>, ÁÙ¬O²Ä¤@­Ó±Ô­z¬õ¦å²y; §ó¥¿»e¸Á¬O¸Á¦Z, «D¸Á¤ý¥D¾Éªº¤H; ¤]´£¥X¯«¸g¦Ù¦×ªº¹ñ·s°²»¡.

¦P®É´Áªº¥t¤@¦ì¬ì¾Ç®a Niel Stensen µo²{ pennate «¬ºAªº¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY®É, ¬°¤F°t¦XºI­±¿n§ïÅÜ, ¦Ù¦×ªº¨¤«×·|§ïÅÜ, ¬O±q´X¦ó¾Ç¨¤«×ªº¬ã¨s. ·í¥L®È¦æ¦ÜLeiden University ®É, ÁÓÂા¹D Jan Jacbz Swammerdam¤W­zªº¹êÅçµ²ªG, ¦]¬°§Ó¦P¹D¦X, «á¨Ó¦¨¬°¦nªB¤Í. ·íµM³o¹ïÃø¥SÃø§Ìªºµ²½×, ½ÄÀ»·í®É¬ì¾Ç¬Éªº¥D¬y(¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY¥²©w¦³ª«½è¶i¤J), ¦]¦¹³Æ¨ü¥´À£, ¬Æ¦Ü³s¾ú¥v³£¨S°O¤W´Xµ§.
­ü! ¬ì¾Ç¦Û¥j¬Ò¬O¦p¦¹, ­«­nµo²{ªº©w¸q¦ü¥G¬O¤@¶}©l³£¬O³Qµø¬°²§ºÝ.

¤W­z¬Ý¦ü²ÊÁWªº¹êÅç»P¬ã¨s¤§«á, ´N¨S¦³¨ä¥L¥O¤HÅå³ß¬ð¥Xªº¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY¬ã¨s¦¨ªG. ³oÃþ"¤j¤è¦V"¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYªº¬ã¨s, ¨º»ò¦ÛµM¦³¤H¿ð¦­·|¹ï"¤p¦a¤è"¤U¤â, ¸Õ¹Ï´M§ä¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYªºÃöÁä³J¥Õ ©Î ª«½è. ¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYªº­«­n³J¥Õ½è¤@ª½¨S³Q¯u¥¿µo²{©Î¬ã¨s, ª½¨ì1864¦~¥ÑKuhne³o¦ì¬ì¾Ç®a, ­º«×¥Ñ°ªÆQ«×·»²G¤¤µÑ¨ú¥XÂH©Êªº¦Ù¦×ª«½è, ¥LºÙ©I¥¦¬°myosin(¦Ù¾®³J¥Õ), ¨Ã»{¬°¨ä¬O¦Ù¦×Åܵw(rigor)ªº®Ú·½. ±µµÛ¥Ñ©ó¹êÅç§Þ³Nªº­­¨î, ¬ì¾Çªº¶i®i´N¦¹¥´¦í, ­ì¦a½ñ¨BÆZ¤[ªº®É¶¡.

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¦Ù¦×¬ã¨sªº¾ÇªÌ, ©¹©¹¦ñÀHµÛ¯«¸g¥Í²zªº¬ã¨s. ÄÄ­z³o¬q¾ú¥v, ¨ä¹ê«ÜÃø¤Á³Î¨âªÌ, ¤×¨ä¬O20¥@¬öªìªº³\¦h¬ì¾Ç®a³£¬O¦P®É¸ó»â°ì¬ã¨s. ¦Ù¦×ªº¤À¤lºc³y¦b¬ã¨s§ó²M·¡¤§«e©Î¦P®É, ¦³¤@³¡¤À¬ã¨s±MµÛ©ó¦Ù¦×²£¼ö©M¯à¶qªºÃö«Y. ­^°ê¥Í²z¾Ç®a Archibald V. Hill ©M ¼w°ê¥Í²z¤Æ¾Ç®a Otto Fitz Meyerhof ´N¬O©ó²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô®É´Á, ¹ï©ó¦Ù¦×»P¼ö, ¯à¶qªº¾÷¨î¬ã¨s, À°§U¤HÃþ¤F¸Ñ¦Ù¦×¥NÁÂ, ¤×¨ä¬O¨Å»Ä´`Àô, «á¨Ó¤@¦P±o¨ì1922¦~¿Õ¨©º¸Âå¾Ç¼ú.

 Archibald V. Hill--- ³o±i·Ó¤ù¬O¨å«¬¬ì¾Ç®a¤¤ªº«Ó­ôÃþ«¬(§Y¨Ï¤w¸g¦~ªø): °í©w²`¨I + Áo©ú¼z¸× + ¤­©x«T®Ô, ©M¤@¯ë²{¥N¥Ø«e¬y¦æªºYA°¸¹³¯Âºé¥u¦³«T¬üªºÃþ«¬ºIµM¤£¦P. ¥L¦­´Á¬O¬ã¨s¼Æ¾Ç¥X¨­, ¦]¦¹¼vÅT¥L«á¨Óªº¬ã¨s³£·|¥[¤J¼Æ¾Çª«²zªº¼Ò«¬«Ø¥ß, ¦]¦¹³Qµø¬°Biophysics ªº©v®v»P¶}³ÐªÌ. Ãö©ó¥L©Ò«Ø¥ßªº¾÷±ñ¼Ò«¬, µy«á§Ú·|¦A´£¨ì. ¥L¦b¿Õ¨©º¸±o¼úlecture¤¤¦³¤@¬q¸Ü, §Úı±o¬O«D±`­«­nªº¬ã¨s«ä¦ÒÅÞ¿è: [One of the fundamental characteristics of striated muscle, and the one involving the greatest difficulty in investigation, is the great rapidity with which changes take place in it. ..........The instantaneous and contemporary study of the events occurring inside the muscle fibre appears to be possible only in two ways, the mechanical and thermal. ] ¬ì¾Ç®aªº«ä¸ô¥²¶·«D±`²M´·, ¤F¸Ñ¬ã¨sªº§xÃø, ¥Ø«eªº·¥­­»P­­¨î, µM«á´M§ä¥i¦æªº¤èªk¥[¥H¬ð¯}.

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1935¦~ Weber µo®i¥X·s§Þ³N(ºÙ¬° H.H. Weber's method), ¥i¥H in vitro ¦b¸ÕºÞ¤¤ª½±µÆ[¹î¬ã¨s¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY. ¥L§âmyosin¥ý·»¸Ñ©ó°ªÆQ·»²G(high salt), ¦A¼Q®gsquirt¦Ü¤ô¤¤, ¦p¦¹myosin¤£¶È§Î¦¨ threads ªº¼Ë¤l, ¤]¤ñ°®Àꪺ®É­Ô¨ã¦³§ó±jªºÂù§é®g©Ê½è.
¥Ø«e²{¥N­¹«~¥[¤u¤ÀÃþ¤W, ¦Ù¦×³J¥Õ½è®Ú¾Ú·»¸Ñ©Ê½è, ¥i¥H¤À¦¨¤TÃþ: ¤ô·»©Ê(30%), ÆQ·»©Ê(50%), ¤£·»©Ê(20%, ¦h¬Oµ²½l²Õ´). ©Ò¿×ªº[ÆQ·»©Ê³J¥Õ½è], ¨äÅU¦W«ä¸q¬O·L·»©ó¤ô, ¦ý¬O¤j³¡¥÷·»©óÆQ·»²Gªº³J¥Õ½è.
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´N¬O¦b¾Ôª§®É´Á, §¹¦¨½Ñ¦h­«­nªº¦Ù¦×¹êÅç»Pµo²{. ¥L¬O¦I¤ú§Q¤H, ²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô®É, ¬°¤F¸úÁׯǺ鯵±Kĵ¹îGESTAPO, ³o­Ó´¿¸g¤@«×ı±o¥i¯à¬¡¤£¹L©ú¤Ñªº¤H, ÁÙ°kÃø¨ì·ç¨å·í¤½¥Á. ¾Ô¶Ãªº·í¤f, ³\¦h¬ì¾Ç®a¦b¸ê°T§¹¥þ«ÊÂê«Ê³¬ªº±¡ªp¤U, ¨ÌªëùµÛÅå¤Hªº¼Ý¤O, §¹¦¨³\¦h¬ã¨s. ©Ò¥H¦³¨Ç¬ã¨s©¹©¹¬O¥ý«á, ¬Æ¦Ü¦P®É"¤£¬ù¦Ó¦P"µo²{, ¾Ôª§ªýÂ_¥æ¬y, ½×¤å¯È¥»´Á¥Z¤S¤£¨£±o¬Ý±o¨ì, ®e©ö¦b©¼¦¹²@¤£ª¾±¡ªº®ÉªÅ¤U, ±o¨ì"­^¶¯©Ò¨£²¤¦P"ªºµ²½×. ¨C¦¸¼g¨ì¦è¤è°ê®a³oÃþ¬G¨Æ, §Ú¤ß¸Ì³£·|·Q: ¬O¤°»ò¼Ëªº¤å¤Æ°ª«×µÑ¨ú¥X¦p¦¹²z©Ê«äºûªº¤HºØ? ¦p¦¹°õµÛ©ó¬ì¾Ç?
¥L¦b¬G¶mªºInstitute of Medical Chemistry University Szeged, ¥Î¥Xª©¶°µ²¦¨®Ñªº§Î¦¡, µoªíÃö©ó¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYµ¥¬ã¨s¦@¤T(1941 to 1943), ¥i¤£¬O¤T½g¤å³¹³á. ²{¦bªº¾ÇªÌ·|°Ý: [³o»ò¦nªº¬ã¨s«ç»ò¤£§ë½Z Nature, Science?] §O¶Ì¤F, «ç»ò§ë, ªÅ§ë? ÁÙ¬O¥Î­¸¼u§ë½Z¶Ü? ¨C·í¦³¤H°Ý«ç»ò¼Ë¤~ºâ¬O¹ï¬ì¾Ç¦³¿³½ì, §Ú³£·|Á|¤@¤j°ï³oÃþ¨Ò¤l¨Ó§Î®e.

¬ì¾Çªºµoªí©¹©¹¨ü­­©ó¦UºØ¦]¯À, ¤W­z¬O®ÉªÅ, ¤d¨¯¸U­W, ¤£¹LÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¤d©_¦Ê©Çªº¶c»D, ¦p µÛ¦Wªº¾÷²v²z½× T¤À¥¬, ¬O1908¦~ WS Gosset ²Ä¤@¦¸µoªí¦b½×¤å¤¤. ¦ý¬O·í®É¥L¨ü¶±©ó·Rº¸Äõªº¤@¶¡ÆC°s¼t, ¦X¬ù³W©w¤£­ã¨ä­û¤u±N¬ã¨s¦¨ªGµoªí, ©Ò¥HGosset¥u¦n¥H[Student]ªº¤Æ¦Wµoªí¥Lªº¦¨ªG, ¦]¦¹«á¨ÓT¤À¥¬´N¸g±`³Q¥tºÙ¬°[Student t-distribution]. «Ü¦h°µ¬ã¨s¤@½ú¤l, ¤×¨ä¬OÂå¾Ç¥Íª«²Î­p¥Î¨ì½±¼, ³£¤£ª¾¹D³o­Ó¨å¬G.

 ¦I¤ú§Q(Hungary) ---  ¤@­Ó³QºÙ¬°20¥@¬ö¶q²£³Ì¦h¤Ñ¤~ªº¦a¤è, ÁÙ´¿³QÃhºÃ«ç»ò¦a²y¤W¦³³o»ò­Ó°ê®a, £¸¦¸¥X²{³o»ò¦hÅå¤Hªº¤Ñ¤~? ©Ò¥H´¶ªL´µ¹y°ªµ¥¾Ç°|¸Ìªº¤H"¦X²z"°ª«×ÃhºÃ/À¸ºÙ³o§å¦I¤ú§Q¤H¬O"¤õ¬P¤H".
Á|¨Ò: ­º±À¾ú¥v¤W "¯u¥¿ªº"¥þ¤è¦ì¤Ñ¤~ª¬¤¸<¸ò¥L¤ñ, ¤j¦h¼ÆªºÁZÀu/¸êÀuÄY®æ»¡¨Ó³£¬O«á¤Ñ§V¤O©~¦h>-- John von Neumann (Áɧ½²z½×, ¹q¸£ªºµo©úªÌ, ¶q¤l¤O¾Ç¼Æ¾Ç²z½×³þ°òªÌ, ¶°¦X½×, ¹Bºâ¤¸, ¼Æ­È¤ÀªR, ¥»¤å¤§«á´£¨ìªº"»X¦a¥dù¼Æ­È¤ÀªRªk«h(Monte Carlo method)"¶}³ÐªÌ..... (ÀY»Î¤@°ï)...¨ã¹Ï¹³¦¡¶W¤H¯ëªº°O¾Ð, ¤ßºâ, "¥~¬P¤H"¯ëªº²z¸Ñ¤O. ¤p®É­Ô²{³õ­I¹q¸Ü鷺®e®T¼Öµ¹¿Ë±­ªB¤Í¬Ý; 8·³À´±o·L¿n¤À; ³\¦hµÛ§@¦p<<Âù«°°O>>, ¥L¥i¥H´X¦~«eŪ¹L¤§«á, Á{®É¦Ò¥L, ÁÙ¬O¥i¥H­I»w¥X«ü©w­¶¼Æªº©Ò¦³²Ó¸`, ª½¨ì§A¨ü¤£¤F¬°¤î; ©M¥L±M·~®t«Ü»·ªºªº½×­z, ¥L½´X¤U´N¥i¥H§ä¥X¿ù»~»P­×¥¿;....); ¤j¼Æ¾Ç®a Polya ´¿¸g³o¼Ë´y­z Von Neumann: [¥L¬O°ß¤@Åý§Ú·P¨ì®`©Èªº¾Ç¥Í. ¦b½Ò°ó¦pªG§Ú´£¥X¤@­Ó·í®É¥¼¸Ñªº°ÝÃD, ³q±`¥L¦b¤U½Ò«á´N·|ª½±µ¨Ó§ä§Ú, µ¹§Ú´X­¶§¹¾ãªº¸Ñµª.];... ¨ä¥L¨ä¥L"¾Ô°«¤O"®z¤@ÂI"¤õ¬P¤H"ÁÙ¦³: ¼Æ¾Ç®a Paul Erdos; ª«²z¾Ç®a Eugene Wigner, ...µ¥µ¥).
¦I¤ú§Q¬O¶q²£´I±Ð¨|¤å¤ÆÂȳ³ªº¤Ñ¤~²£ª«, ³o¤]¬O20 to 21¥@¬öªº¥D­n¼Ò¦¡, ¦ý¬O¾ú¥v¤WÁÙ¦³¥t¤@ºØ: ½a§x¼ã­Ë¸¨«áªº°ê®a©Ò¥Í²£Ãþ¦ü"²§§Î"ªº¤HÃþ, ¦L«×¼Æ¾Ç¤Ñ¤~Srinivasa Ramanujan´N¬O, §A¥i¥H·Q¹³¦b19¥@¬ö¥½, ¦L«×·¥¬°³h½aªº¶m¤UErode, ³o­Ó¤H¬Ý¹L£¸¥»®Ñ¦Û­×(Synopsis of elementary results in pure mathematics), ²`¨ü±Òµo, ´N¥i¥H¾ÌµÛ¦Û¤vªº¤Ñ½á, ±À¾É¥X¤@¨Ç¼Æ¾Ç­ì²z¶Ü? ¥L«á¨Ó¦ÛºÙ³o¬O¦L«×¯«°N¦b¸ò¥L»¡¸Ü. 

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi ©ó1942¦~§Q¥Î²³æªº³]³Æ, ¦p Ostwald viscometer, polarizing filterµ¥, µo²{: ±N¦Ù¦×¸m©ó°ªÆQ·»²G ¤G¤Q¤ÀÄÁ«á, ¥i¥H§ä¨ì§Cviscosityªº³J¥Õ½è, ©R¦W¬°myosin A. ¦ý¬O¹L©]¤§«á, «o¥i¥Hµo²{¥t¤@ºØ°ªÖ߫תº³J¥Õ, ©R¦W¬°myosin B.

 Ostwald viscometer  P ¬°¤ò²ÓºÞ¨âºÝÀ£¤O­°, Dp¬°¤ò²ÓºÞª½®|, L ¬°¤ò²ÓºÞªø«×, Q ¬°¬yÅéÅé¿n¬y¶q

myosin B ¥[¤FATP¤§«á, Ö߫פU­°, ¦ý¬Omyosin A «o¤£¨ü¼vÅT. ³o­Óµ²ªG¤]©ó1942¦~³Q Needham µ¥¬ì¾Ç®a¦P®Éµo²{, ¥L­ÌÆ[¹î¨ìATP¥i¥H­°§CÖ߫׻PÂù§é®g©Ê, ³o­Ó§ïÅÜ¥i¥H·íATP³Q®ø¯Ó¤§«á, ¤S«ì´_­ì»ª.

 Szent-Gyorgyi ¦A¥ÎH.H. Weber's method°µ¹êÅç, µo²{myosin B ¥[¤JµNªmªº¦Ù¦×"¥Ä"¤§«á, ©~µM·|¦¬ÁY(¦p¹ÏB©Ò¥Ü), ¦ý¬Omyosin A«h¤£·|(¦p¹ÏA©Ò¥Ü). ¶i¤@¨B¤ÀªRµNªm¦Ù¦×¥Äªº¬¡©Êª«½è, µo²{¨ä¤º§tATP.  Szent-Gyorgyi ©ó1963¦~¦^¾Ð·í®É¬Ý¨ì¤W­zªº½uª¬ª«½è·|¦¬ÁYªº´º¶H®É, ¥LÅå©I: [³o²ª½¬O§Ú³o½ú¤l³Ì thrilling moment. ]
¬ã¨s°µ¨ì·|¾Ô·Xµo§Ý¿³¾Ä, ¬O¨C­Ó¬ì¾Ç¤Hªº¹Ú¤Û¸gÅç!!

¥LÁ¿¹L³\¦h²`±o§Ú¤ßªº¸Ü, ¦p [It is easy to find good scientists, because the good scientists are mostly those who have produced good science. Find them and support them, enable them to work. That's all there is to it. Don't torture them with senseless projects.]; [A discovery is said to be an accident meeting a prepared mind.]....

Straub
«á¨Ó¥[¤J¥Lªº¹Î¶¤, ³v¨BÂç²M»P¯Â¤Æ¥X¥t¤@ºØÃöÁä³J¥Õ: actin(¦Ù°Ê³J¥Õ), «á­±·|´£¨ì.  myosin A ¥ý©ó1943¦~¯Â¤Æ¬°Paracrystals, ºû«ù¤@¼Ëªº¦WºÙ¬Omyosin; ¦ý¬O, myosin B «h³Q§ó¦W¬° actomyosin. Straub µo²{actin¦s¦b¨âºØ¤£¦Pªº§Î¦¡: ¤@¬O globular actin (G-actin), ¥¦©ó¯Ê¥FÆQ¥÷®É, ¤´«O«ùí©w; ¥t¤@¬O fibrous actin (F-actin), ¦¹ºØ³J¥Õ¥u¦³¦s¦b©óÂ÷¤l(ions)®É, ¤~·|»E¦X(polymerize).

±µµÛ¤@³s¦ê¿W¥ß, Åý¤H²´ªá¼º¶Ãªº¹êÅçµ²ªG, ³£³v¨B´Â¦VÅýmyosin»Pactin¤§¶¡Ãö«Y§ó¥[©ú®Ô. Ä´¦p:
@Bangaµo²{actomyosin·|³QÁâÂ÷¤l¬¡¤Æ.
@Actomyosin¥[¤JATP¤§«á·|¨³³t¨I¾ý, ºÙ§@"Superprecipitation", ¤]´N¬OÆ[¹î°_¨Ó¦ü¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY. ³o­Ó²{¶H¤Ï¹L¨Ó«ä¦Ò, ·í¯Ê¥FATP®É, ¦Ù¦×¤£¦¬ÁY, ¨S¬¡©Ê, ´N·|§e²{rigorª¬ºA. ´«¥y¸Ü»¡, ²{¦b¹qµø¼v¶°¬Ý¨ìªº«Í»ø(rigor mortis)²{¶H, ´N¬O¦Ù¦×¥¢¥hATP¤§«á, »øµwªº­ì¦] (Erdos, 1943).  
@Szent-Gyorgyi ¹Î¶¤ªº Guba µo²{ATP¦³¨âºØ¨ú¨M©óÂ÷¤l±j«×ªº¥\¯à: §CÂ÷¤l±j«×®É, ATP·|¨Ï¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY; °ªÂ÷¤l±j«×®É«h·|Åýactin»Pmyosin¤À¶}(dissociate).
...............
¦ý¬O¸Û¦p©Ò¦³¬ì¾Ç¹êÅç­±Á{ªº°ÝÃD, ¦³¨Ç¤H¤£¤Ó¬Û«H: ³oºØ¬Ý¨ì¤@±ø½u ©Î¬O ¨I¾ý, ´N¥Nªí¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY¶Ü? ¤]´N¬O»¡³oºØ¹êÅç¼Ò«¬¦¨¥ß¶Ü? ·|¤£·|³£¬O¦Û¤v¬Ý²nªº, ¹ÏÅܵu´N¥Nªí¦¬ÁY? ¹ê»Ú¬¡Åé¬O¤£¬O³o»ò¤@¦^¨Æ? ¤ñ¦p»¡ Astbury ©M Meyerhof ´N»{¬°¶W¯Å¨I¾ý²{¶H, ¥i¯à¬Oartifact. ²¦³º¹êÅç¬Ý¨ì¨I¾ý¬O«Ü´¶³qªº, ±z³Ü´ö, ¦Y¤õÁç, Á穳¬O¤£¤Ó³Q­«µøªº. ³o¨Ç¤H­n¨ä¥L¬ì¾Ç®a¶R³æÂIÀY, ±o´£¥X¨ä¥LÃÒ¾Ú.
¦³½ìªº¬O, Astbury©MSzent-Gyorgyi ÁÙ¬O·¥¦nªºªB¤Í, ¥i¨£¬ì¾Ç¬O¤£½×¥æ±¡ªº, ¨Æ¹ê´N¬O¨Æ¹ê, ¥i¤£¯à§´¨ó, ®M¥æ±¡, ¦ê³q, XX%X#. ­n»¡ªA¥L, ±o¦A®³¥X¯u¥\¤Ò, ¦n®Æªº¥Dµæ.
©Ò¥HSzent-Gyorgyi ©ó1949¦~, µo®i¥X¤@ºØ¥Îglycerol»s³Æ¦Ù¦×ªº§Þ³N, ¨ä¸g¹L§ï¨}«á, ¨ì¥Ø«eÁÙ¼s¬°¨Ï¥Î, ºÙ¬°glycerinated muscle preparation, ³o­Ó§Þ³NªºÀuÂI¬O¸g¹L¦¹ºØ»s³Æªº¦Ù¦×, ¤´µM¥i¥HÅýÂ÷¤l¶i¤J¬ï³z. ¦]¦¹¥[¤JMg++ATP ªº¦Ù¦×, ¤´µM·|²£¥Í±i¤O(tension).

À°±z¦^¾Ð¤@¤U, ¤]´N¬O»¡¤§«e°µ¹êÅç³£¬OµÑ¨ú´£·Òxxx, ¦Ó¤£¬O¤@¾ã¶ô, ª½¨ì²{¦b²×©ó¥i¥H·d¤j¤@ÂI, ¸Õ¸Õ¼ÒÀÀ±µªñ¯uªº±¡ªp. ¥t¥~, ¬ì¾Ç®aªº¬ã¨s¹Lµ{³£¬O¹³¸ÑÁ¼¤@¯ë, ¨C¦¸¯à¤£¯à«õ¨ìÄ_, ¬O¤£¬O®³¨ì¯u¥¿ªº¨º¤@¶ôÃöÁä«÷¹Ï, ¨S¤H¦³§â´¤. ¦]¦¹, ±z¤£¥i¥H±N²{¦b®Ñ¥»¤Wªº¤wª¾ª¾ÃÑ ®M¹L¥h¬ã¨sªº¸g¾ú»P¾ú¥v, ·|¦Ñı±o°Â¤£°_¨Ó, ©Ç©Çªº. Ä´¦p»¡, ³o¤@¬q¦Ù¦×¾ú¥v, ³£¬O§â·Q­n²z¸Ñªº¨º¤@¬qºc³y, ¤À¸Ñ, µM«á­Ó§O©R¦W, ¨C­Ó¬ì¾Ç®a¤À¸Ñªº³¡¦ì¤]¤£¦P, ©Ò¥H·|®e©ö³Q·d¶Ã, ·íµM¤]©M²{¦b¤wª¾ªº¦WºÙ/³N»y¤£¦P. 

¦n¤F, ¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î, ©Î³\³Q»¡ªA»P§_, ¤´¤£ª¾¹D. ¦ý¬O¦Ü¤Ö¬ì¾Ç¦b³o¤@³s¦êªº§V¤O¤U, «Ø¥ß¤F¤@ºØ¼Ò¦¡, ¤]´N¬O¦bin vitro±¡ªp¤U, ¾Þ§@actin»Pmyosin¨âºØ³J¥Õ¨Ó¤F¸Ñ¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁY, ºâ¬O¶}±Ò¤F²{¥N muscle biochemistry ªº¥ýªe.

1963
¦~, Hanson ©M Lowy ¥H¤Î Huxley, ¤À§O¤ÀªR¥X¤@­Óµ²½×: ¤j¬ù400­Ómyosin¤À¤l·|²Õ¦¨filament, µM«á»P¤j¬ù¼Æ¥Øªºactin monomer²£¥Í¥æ¤¬§@¥Î. Myosin¦Ü¦¹¦³´XºØ¥\¯à³Q§ä¨ì: filament formation + ATPase activity + reversible combination with actin.

±µ¤U¨Ó¥Î¨ìªº¤èªk, ´N¬O¬ì¾Ç®a¶}©l¨Ï¥Î»Ã¯À(proteolytic enzyme)¨Ó¤ÁÂ_¤À¸Ñ©Ò­n¤F¸Ñªº³J¥Õ½è, ¤]´N¬O¤À¬q¤F¸Ñ¨ä¤¤ªºµ²ºc»P¥\¯à, §ó²Óªº¤F¸Ñ.

­º¥ý, ¥Îtrypsin©Îchymotrypsin¨Ó¤À¸Ñmyosin, ¨ä¦b§t¦³Ca©MMgÂ÷¤lªº0.6M KCl·»²G¤¤, ¥i¥Hµo²{¨âºØ¤£¦P¨I¾ý³t«×ªº³¡¥÷, ¦b¹Ï¤W§e²{Âù®p, ¨Ã¥B¥[¤Jactin¤§«á, §Ö³t¨I¾ýªºcomponent·|¨I¾ý§ó§Ö, ¥Nªí¥¦·|©Mactinµ²¦X. ±µµÛ©R¦W¥¦­Ì, ¸ûºCªº¤À¤l¤ù¬q¦WºÙ¬° LMM(light meromyosin) , ¸û§Öªº³¡¥÷©R¦W¬°HMM(heavy meromyosin) . HMM©MLMMªº·»¸Ñ«×®t§O¦p¤U: §CÂ÷¤l¿@«×¤U, HMM¥i·», LMMµ²´¹; ©ÎªÌ LMM¦b¤U­z±ø¥ó·|¨I¾ý, <0.2M KCl, 30% ammonium sulfate.

  §Ú­Ì¨ÓÄA­Ë£¸¤U¾ú¥v, ¥ª¹Ï¬O¹³¥ý°½¬Ý¦Ò¸Õµª®×¤@¼Ë, myosinºI¦Ü¥Ø«e¬°¤îªººc³yµ²½×¹Ï. ¬Ý¤Fµª®× µM«áÀ°§U§Ú­Ì¤F¸Ñ«e¤H¬ã¨sªº¹Lµ{, ¤~¤£·|·d²V!!
«e­±¤w¸gÁ¿¹L»Ã¯À¥[¶i¥h¥i¥H¤À¸Ñ³J¥Õ½è, µM«á¬ì¾Ç®a´N¹³Áåª÷³N¤h, ±o¹Á¸Õ¦UºØ±ø¥ó¨Ó¤Á¥X¤£¦Pªº¤À¤l¤ù¬q¥X¨Ó.
¦]¦¹, ÅÞ¿è¤W, §ïÅܤÀ¸Ñ±ø¥ó®É, ·|²£¥Í¤£¦Pªºµ²ªG, ©Ò¥H¯Âºé¬Ý½Ö¹êÅ窺¹B®ð¦n / ¤Ñ¥÷°ª, Ä´¦p»¡: ¥Ø«eªº§@ªk¬O¥h°£¤G»ùª÷ÄÝÂ÷¤l, ¥B¦b0.1M KClªº±ø¥ó¤U, ¥i¥H¤ÁÂ_Myosin¨äÂùÀY³¡¦ì, §Î¦¨2­Ó S1 (Subfragment 1, ¤À¤l¶q9.5kDa) ©M Rod (¤À¤l¶q22kDa) ³¡¤À. µM«á rod ¦A©ñ¤J¤G»ùª÷ÄÝÂ÷¤lªº0.6M KCl ·»²G¤¤, ¤S¥i¥H±N S2 »P LMM¤À¶}.
±o¨ì¤W¹Ïªººë²Óµ²ºcªºµ²½×«e, ¬ì¾Ç®a¥ç¬O©âµ·­éõ, ³v¨B±o¨ì£¸­Ó­Ó¤£§¹¾ãªºµo²{: 1962¦~ Muller ©M Perry ÅýHMMÃnÅS¦btrypsinªº®É¶¡ªø¤@ÂI, ·|¨Ï±o¥¦Â_µõ¦¨¨â¶ô, S1 ©MS2. ÀHµÛ¹q¤lÅã·LÃ誺¶i¨B, 1967¦~Slayter ©M Lowey Æ[¹î¨ì myosin¦³¨â­ÓÀY----- ³o­ÓÆ[¹îÅÞ¿è¤W, ¬ì¾Ç®a¤@©w·|²q, ´N¹³½u¦³¨âªÑ, ©Î³\myosin¬O¥Ñ¨â±øparallel peptide chains²Õ¦¨. ¤W­zÅÞ¿è²q·Q«Ü©_©Ç: Ãø¹D¤£·|¦³ÂùÀY³D¶Ü? 1969¦~ Lowey ¦A±µ¦A¼F, ¦b§CÂ÷¤l¿@«×®É, ¥Îpapain©M chymotrypsin ±Nmyosin¤À¸Ñ¦¨S1©Mrod. µy«á1978¦~Sutoh±NS2¤ÀÂ÷¥X¨Ó, ¦P®Éµo²{¨ä¥i¥H¡@flexible.
«e­±´£¨ì¹Lactin³QStraub©ó1942¦~µo²{¤§«á, ³°Äò¬ã¨s¥X, ·í¨ä©ó¯Ê¥FÆQÃþªº±¡ªp¤U¬O³æÅé, ºÙ¬°G-actin; ¦ý¬OÆQÃþ¥X²{ªº®É­Ô, ¯S§O¬Odivalent cations, actin·|»E¦X, ¦¹ºØ°ª«×¤£¹ïºÙªº»E¦Xª«, ºÙ¬°F-actin, ¨ä¨ã¦³°ªÂH©Ê, ±jdouble refraction¯S©Ê. ¤£¹L»s³Æactin¦³¤@©wÃø«× ¦]¬°¥H«eF-actin¥u­n±q¦Ù¦×¤¤³QµÑ¨ú¥X¨Ó, ³£¬O¦ñÀHmyosin, ¦Ó¥BATP³£³Qhydrolyze.
§Ú­Ì·Q­n±q·sÂA¦Ù¦×²Õ´¥h°£myosin, ¦P®É«O¦³ATP, «ç»ò°µ©O? ¥Ø«e¬O¥Îacetone¨Ódenature myosin, µM«á¦A¥Î®zÆPµLÆQ·»²G ±Nactin, ¥h»E¦Xª«¤Ædepolymerize, ¨ÃµÑ¨ú¥X. 1963¦~ Hanson and Lowey, µo²{actin¦bÆQÃþ¦s¦b®É, »E¦X¦¨ ªøÂùªÑÁ³±Û¨ã¶g´Á©Ê(¬ù360A).

¬ã¨s¼g¨ì³o¸Ì, µ²ºc¦U­Ó³¡¥÷Âç²M¤§«á, ¦ü¥GLMM­t³dfilamentªº®Ö¤ß³¡¥÷, ¦ý¬OS2ÅýmyosinªºÀY¥i¥HÅs¦±, ±o¥H·p¨ìactin. ¥Ñ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s±`¨£ªº¾úµ{¨Ó¬Ý, µ²ºc¤@¥¹¤ñ¸û²M·¡¤§«á, ¬ì¾Ç®a´N·|¦³¤H¶}©l²q¦Ù¦×¦¬ÁYªº°Ê¤O¼Ò«¬¨ì©³¬O«ç»ò¤@¦^¨Æ? µ²ºc«ç»ò²¾°Ê·|¦³¥\¯à? ³o¤]¬O°ò©ó¤À¤l¥Íª«¬ã¨sªº¹êÅç°ò¦¤§«á, ¼Æ¾Ç»Pª«²z¸ó»â°ì¦X§@ªº¤@ºØ¨å½d. ªG¤£¨äµM, ³o¨Çµ²ªG´NÀ°1963¦~¤§«á Huxley ªº cross-bridge cycle ²z½×³þ°ò.

±µ¤U¨Óªº¤º®e½Ð°Ñ¾\ ²Ä¤G³æ¤¸: º©½Í¦Ù¦× Myology (2)



Reference
:
@ Denoth J., Telley IA. Sarcomere dynamics during muscular contraction and their implications to muscle function  J Muscle Res Cell Motil 28:89-104;2007
@ Cobb M. Exorcizing the animal spirits: Jan Swammerdam on nerve function Nature 3:395-400;2002
@ Andrew G. Szent-Gyorgyi  Milestone in Physiology: The Early History of Biochemistry of Muscle Contraction  J Gen Physiol  123:631-639;2004



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